Mafia
În general cunoscută ca o organizaţie de origine siciliană, aparută în timpul Vecerniilor Siciliene în 1282 sub domnia sângeroasă a lui Carol I de Anjou. Cuvântul are o etimologie incertă. Se pare că în timpul Vecerniilor Siciliene, ţăranii au creat o armată proprie denumită M.A.F.I.A. (Morte alla Francia, Italia anela - moarte Franţei, Italia strigă) după strigătul lor de luptă. În trecutul mai îndepărtat (secolul al XVII-lea), mafia era ,,o femeie care practica magia albă”, un fel de vrăjitoare care aducea ploaia sau gonea piaza rea.
În următoarele secole a luptat împotriva tiraniei principilor şi autorităţilor şi pentru păstrarea tradiţiilor locale, devenind şi o formă de apărare a familiilor de latifundiari sicilieni împotriva oricărei autorităţi străine care ar fi putut să le încalce privilegiile.
Impotriva administraţiei se va dezvolta apoi în mediile urbane în activităţile ilegale ca taxă de protectie, proxenetism, jocuri de noroc . in preocupările mafiei italiene intră o varietate de infracţiuni specifice crimei organizate, de la controlul prostituţiei, contrabanda cu ţigări, răpirile de persoane, până la traficul de stupefiante şi arme, precum şi atentate îndreptate împotriva unor înalte personalităţi în stat.
Organizaţiile mafiote italiene tradiţionale au apărut în comunităţile săteşti sau pastorale, iar primele lor manifestări sunt genetic legate de viaţa rurală. Acestea au constituit şi constituie încă puncte de referinţă pentru bandele criminale în formare, din diverse ţări, ca model de organizare, metode şi mijloace de acţiune.
Cele mai importante trăsături ale organizaţiilor mafiote italiene sunt: structura bine determinată, stabilitatea în timp, caracterul ermetic, asigurat prin „legea tăcerii”, delimitarea sferelor de influenţă şi a zonelor operaţionale, dinamismul, flexibilitatea şi adaptabilitatea la noile condiţii, precum şi o mare capacitate de a dezvolta strategii unitare. O caracteristică importantă o reprezintă interconexiunea cu puterea politică şi stabilirea de relaţii secrete în unele sectoare de stat, precum şi instituirea unor legături „de afaceri” cu alte structuri ale crimei organizate, cum ar fi cartelurile columbiene sau triadele chinezeşti.
Organizaţiile mafiote sunt apreciate ca fiind cele mai periculoase structuri criminale, nu numai datorită numărului mare de membri, ci mai ales ca urmare a structurii şi capacităţii sale de a dezvolta strategii unitare, în ciuda structurii complexe a reţelei operaţionale. Mafia italiană oferă un model criminal valabil la nivel internaţional, organizaţiile mafiote instalându-se în ultimul timp nu numai în Sicilia, dar şi la Roma, Napoli.
miercuri, 30 ianuarie 2008
duminică, 20 ianuarie 2008
Pentatonic Scales
Penta is the Greek root word for five. So a pentatonic scale consists of only 5 different notes. While there are many possibilities for arranging 5 different notes to create a scale, we are going to look at the 2 most common. They are major pentatonic, and minor pentatonic.
In order to fully understand how pentatonic scales are constructed, you should have an understanding of how to construct basic 7 note major and minor scales. Because pentatonic scales are derived from them.
A major scale is just a pattern of whole steps and half steps (W W H W W W H). A C major scale consists of the natural notes from C to C (no sharps or flats). Each note in the scale is assigned a number from 1 to 7. These numbers are very important to your understanding of music theory. As you are looking at different scales and chords, you will be using these numbers to help understand how they are constructed. The major scale is the constant to which you will be comparing everything else to.
C D E F G A B C - C major scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 - scale functions
If you rearrange the notes of a C major scale to go from A to A instead of C to C, this is an A minor or A natural minor scale. It has it's own pattern of whole steps and half steps (W H W W H W W) So a C major scale and A minor scale consist of the same notes, just in a different order. If you apply this pattern of whole steps and half steps to the notes from C - C, you will have to flat the E, A and B notes. This is a C minor scale. You can now see the difference between major and minor by comparing C minor to the C major scale. Since E was the 3rd note in a C major scale, Eb now is labeled with the function "b3". So the minor scale has a b3, b6, and b7 in comparison to the major scale. These numbers are referred to as the formula for a scale.
The formula for a natural minor scale is 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7
C D Eb F G Ab Bb C - C minor scale
1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 1 - scale functions
A major pentatonic scale comes from a major scale by removing the 4th and 7th degrees. So a major pentatonic scale consists of only the 1 2 3 5 6 of the major scale.
C D E F G A B C - C major scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 - scale functions
It may seem funny, but the formula for a major pentatonic scale is 1 2 3 5 6. The G may be the 4th note in a major pentatonic scale, but it is not considered a "4". Remember that the numbers that you see in music are in relationship to the major scale. And in a C major scale G is the 5th note.
In order to fully understand how pentatonic scales are constructed, you should have an understanding of how to construct basic 7 note major and minor scales. Because pentatonic scales are derived from them.
A major scale is just a pattern of whole steps and half steps (W W H W W W H). A C major scale consists of the natural notes from C to C (no sharps or flats). Each note in the scale is assigned a number from 1 to 7. These numbers are very important to your understanding of music theory. As you are looking at different scales and chords, you will be using these numbers to help understand how they are constructed. The major scale is the constant to which you will be comparing everything else to.
C D E F G A B C - C major scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 - scale functions
If you rearrange the notes of a C major scale to go from A to A instead of C to C, this is an A minor or A natural minor scale. It has it's own pattern of whole steps and half steps (W H W W H W W) So a C major scale and A minor scale consist of the same notes, just in a different order. If you apply this pattern of whole steps and half steps to the notes from C - C, you will have to flat the E, A and B notes. This is a C minor scale. You can now see the difference between major and minor by comparing C minor to the C major scale. Since E was the 3rd note in a C major scale, Eb now is labeled with the function "b3". So the minor scale has a b3, b6, and b7 in comparison to the major scale. These numbers are referred to as the formula for a scale.
The formula for a natural minor scale is 1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7
C D Eb F G Ab Bb C - C minor scale
1 2 b3 4 5 b6 b7 1 - scale functions
A major pentatonic scale comes from a major scale by removing the 4th and 7th degrees. So a major pentatonic scale consists of only the 1 2 3 5 6 of the major scale.
C D E F G A B C - C major scale
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 - scale functions
It may seem funny, but the formula for a major pentatonic scale is 1 2 3 5 6. The G may be the 4th note in a major pentatonic scale, but it is not considered a "4". Remember that the numbers that you see in music are in relationship to the major scale. And in a C major scale G is the 5th note.
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